The inability to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse for couples under the age of 35, or after six months for couples over the age of 35. Here are some key points about infertility:

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Causes:

• Issues with ovulation, sperm production or function, fallopian tube blockages, uterine or cervical abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, genetic factors, or underlying medical conditions such as endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

• In some cases, infertility may be unexplained, meaning that no specific cause can be identified despite thorough testing.

 

Risk factors:

• ​Several factors may increase the risk of infertility, including advancing age, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), exposure to environmental toxins or radiation, certain medical conditions (such as diabetes or thyroid disorders), and a history of pelvic surgery or reproductive tract infections.

 

Evaluation: 

• a comprehensive assessment of both partners' medical history, lifestyle factors, and reproductive health. Diagnostic tests may include semen analysis to assess sperm quality and quantity, hormonal tests to evaluate ovarian function and hormone levels, imaging studies (such as ultrasound or hysterosalpingography) to assess the reproductive organs' structure and function, and ovulation testing to determine if ovulation is occurring regularly.

• Additional tests may be performed based on the suspected underlying causes of infertility, such as genetic testing, laparoscopy to evaluate the pelvic organs, or specialized fertility tests.

 

Treatment: 

• ​Treatment for infertility depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle modifications, medication, surgery, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), or other advanced reproductive techniques.

 

Emotional impact: 

• Dealing with infertility can be emotionally challenging for individuals and couples, and it's essential to address the psychological aspects of infertility through counseling, support groups, or other resources.

• Open communication, mutual support, and seeking professional help can help couples navigate the emotional ups and downs of infertility and make informed decisions about treatment options.