An abnormal Pap smear indicates that there are changes in the cells of the cervix that may suggest precancerous or cancerous conditions, or other non-cancerous abnormalities. Pap smears are routine tests used to screen for cervical cancer or detect abnormalities in the cervix early, when they are most treatable.
Here are some common findings that may be classified as abnormal:
Atypical Squamous Cell (ASC)
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Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASC-US) means there are slight changes in the size, shape, or appearance of squamous cells on the cervix, but the significance is uncertain. It's one of the most common findings on Pap smears.
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Atypical Squamous Cells, cannot exclude High-grade lesion (ASC-H) suggests more significant changes in squamous cells that may be indicative of a higher risk of precancerous or cancerous changes.
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (SIL)
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Low-grade SIL (LSIL) indicates mild to moderate changes in squamous cells, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. LSIL can sometimes resolve on its own but may require further evaluation and monitoring.
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High-grade SIL (HSIL) suggests more severe changes in squamous cells that are more likely to progress to cervical cancer if left untreated. HSIL may require additional testing, such as colposcopy and biopsy, for further evaluation.
Atypical Glandular Cells (AGC) indicates abnormal changes in glandular cells of the cervix or endometrium (lining of the uterus), which may indicate a higher risk of precancerous or cancerous conditions.
In rare cases, Pap smears may detect actual cancer cells on the cervix, indicating the presence of cervical cancer.
Many abnormal results are due to benign or easily treatable conditions. However, further evaluation and testing are typically recommended to determine the cause of the abnormal findings and to guide appropriate management.
Follow-up testing may include repeat Pap smears, HPV testing, colposcopy (a procedure to closely examine the cervix), and biopsy (sampling of cervical tissue for further examination). Treatment, if needed, will depend on the underlying cause of the abnormal Pap smear and may include procedures to remove abnormal cells or close monitoring for changes over time. Regular screening and follow-up care are essential for early detection and treatment of cervical abnormalities.